问一个文件系统方面的问题
在 ext2下，得到一个文件的file*后，得到他的inode*,又得到他的i_block[],但是怎么从比方说i_block(一个整形数)找到磁盘对应的数据块？ what u mean "i_block[], " i can not find it from 2.4.20. neither inode nor ext2_inode_info i'm sorry,
2.4.18
in struct ext2_inode
reply
from ULK2:_ _u32 i_block: Pointers to data blocks
detail from ULK2 (I happen to skip that section, sigh)
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17.6.3 Data Blocks Addressing
Each nonempty regular file consists of a group of data blocks. Such blocks may be referred to either by their relative position inside the file (their file block number) or by their position inside the disk partition (their logical block number, explained in Section 13.4.4).
Deriving the logical block number of the corresponding data block from an offset f inside a file is a two-step process: 1. Derive from the offset f the file block number — the index of the block that contains the character at offset f. 2. Translate the file block number to the corresponding logical block number.
Since Unix files do not include any control characters, it is quite easy to derive the file block number containing the f th character of a file: simply take the quotient of f and the filesystem's block size and round down to the nearest integer.
For instance, let's assume a block size of 4 KB. If f is smaller than 4,096, the character is contained in the first data block of the file, which has file block number 0. If f is equal to or greater than 4,096 and less than 8,192, the character is contained in the data block that has file block number 1, and so on.
This is fine as far as file block numbers are concerned. However, translating a file block number into the corresponding logical block number is not nearly as straightforward, since the data blocks of an Ext2 file are not necessarily adjacent on disk.
The Ext2 filesystem must therefore provide a method to store the connection between each file block number and the corresponding logical block number on disk. This mapping, which goes back to early versions of Unix from AT&T, is implemented partly inside the inode. It also involves some specialized blocks that contain extra pointers, which are an inode extension used to handle large files.
The i_block field in the disk inode is an array of EXT2_N_BLOCKS components that contain logical block numbers. In the following discussion, we assume that EXT2_N_BLOCKS has the default value, namely 15. The array represents the initial part of a larger data structure, which is illustrated in Figure 17-5. As can be seen in the figure, the 15 components of the array are of 4 different types: · The first 12 components yield the logical block numbers corresponding to the first 12 blocks of the file—to the blocks that have file block numbers from 0 to 11. · The component at index 12 contains the logical block number of a block that represents a second-order array of logical block numbers. They correspond to the file block numbers ranging from 12 to b/4+11, where b is the filesystem's block size (each logical block number is stored in 4 bytes, so we divide by 4 in the formula). Therefore, the kernel must look in this component for a pointer to a block, and then look in that block for another pointer to the ultimate block that contains the file contents. · The component at index 13 contains the logical block number of a block containing a second-order array of logical block numbers; in turn, the entries of this second-order array point to third-order arrays, which store the logical block numbers that correspond to the file block numbers ranging from b/4+12 to (b/4)2+(b/4)+11. · Finally, the component at index 14 uses triple indirection: the fourth-order arrays store the logical block numbers corresponding to the file block numbers ranging from (b/4)2+(b/ 4)+12 to (b/4)3+(b/4)2+(b/4)+11 upward.
Figure 17-5. Data structures used to address the file's data blocks
In Figure 17-5, the number inside a block represents the corresponding file block number. The arrows, which represent logical block numbers stored in array components, show how the kernel finds its way to reach the block that contains the actual contents of the file.
Notice how this mechanism favors small files. If the file does not require more than 12 data blocks, any data can be retrieved in two disk accesses: one to read a component in the i_block array of the disk inode and the other to read the requested data block. For larger files, however, three or even four consecutive disk accesses may be needed to access the required block. In practice, this is a worst-case estimate, since dentry, buffer, and page caches contribute significantly to reduce the number of real disk accesses.
Notice also how the block size of the filesystem affects the addressing mechanism, since a larger block size allows the Ext2 to store more logical block numbers inside a single block. Table 17-10 shows the upper limit placed on a file's size for each block size and each addressing mode. For instance, if the block size is 1,024 bytes and the file contains up to 268 kilobytes of data, the first 12 KB of a file can be accessed through direct mapping and the remaining 13-268 KB can be addressed through simple indirection. Files larger than 2 GB must be opened on 32-bit architectures by specifying the O_LARGEFILE opening flag. In any case, the Ext2 filesystem puts an upper limit on the file size equal to 2 TB minus 4,096 bytes.
Table 17-10. File size upper limits for data block addressing
Block Size
Direct
1-Indirect
2-Indirect
3-Indirect
1,024
12 KB
268 KB
64.26 MB
16.06 GB
2,048
24 KB
1.02 MB
513.02 MB
256.5 GB
4,096
48 KB
4.04 MB
4 GB
~ 2 TB
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