minimize kernel size

Dragonfly

recently sb ask questions on hwo to reduce the kernel size. i wonder if we can gather some solution here. we use 2.4.20 as example, and try to build a minimal bootable kernel. is this doable?

keenor

我刚才弄的，不知道怎么发附件，所以整个帖上来了
700多k
因为网络等等都留着，所以还是比较大
但没有显示，系统一定是跑起来了，不知道哪一项是管显示器的
[code:1]
#
# Automatically generated by make menuconfig: don't edit
#
CONFIG_X86=y
# CONFIG_SBUS is not set
CONFIG_UID16=y

#
# Code maturity level options
#
# CONFIG_EXPERIMENTAL is not set

#
# Loadable module support
#
CONFIG_MODULES=y
CONFIG_MODVERSIONS=y
CONFIG_KMOD=y

#
# Processor type and features
#
# CONFIG_M386 is not set
# CONFIG_M486 is not set
# CONFIG_M586 is not set
# CONFIG_M586TSC is not set
# CONFIG_M586MMX is not set
# CONFIG_M686 is not set
CONFIG_MPENTIUMIII=y
# CONFIG_MPENTIUM4 is not set
# CONFIG_MK6 is not set
# CONFIG_MK7 is not set
# CONFIG_MELAN is not set
# CONFIG_MCRUSOE is not set
# CONFIG_MWINCHIPC6 is not set
# CONFIG_MWINCHIP2 is not set
# CONFIG_MWINCHIP3D is not set
# CONFIG_MCYRIXIII is not set
CONFIG_X86_WP_WORKS_OK=y
CONFIG_X86_INVLPG=y
CONFIG_X86_CMPXCHG=y
CONFIG_X86_XADD=y
CONFIG_X86_BSWAP=y
CONFIG_X86_POPAD_OK=y
# CONFIG_RWSEM_GENERIC_SPINLOCK is not set
CONFIG_RWSEM_XCHGADD_ALGORITHM=y
CONFIG_X86_L1_CACHE_SHIFT=5
CONFIG_X86_HAS_TSC=y
CONFIG_X86_GOOD_APIC=y
CONFIG_X86_PGE=y
CONFIG_X86_USE_PPRO_CHECKSUM=y
CONFIG_X86_F00F_WORKS_OK=y
CONFIG_X86_MCE=y
# CONFIG_TOSHIBA is not set
# CONFIG_I8K is not set
# CONFIG_MICROCODE is not set
# CONFIG_X86_MSR is not set
# CONFIG_X86_CPUID is not set
CONFIG_NOHIGHMEM=y
# CONFIG_HIGHMEM4G is not set
# CONFIG_HIGHMEM64G is not set
# CONFIG_HIGHMEM is not set
# CONFIG_MATH_EMULATION is not set
# CONFIG_MTRR is not set
CONFIG_SMP=y
# CONFIG_MULTIQUAD is not set
# CONFIG_X86_TSC_DISABLE is not set
CONFIG_X86_TSC=y
CONFIG_HAVE_DEC_LOCK=y

#
# General setup
#
CONFIG_NET=y
CONFIG_X86_IO_APIC=y
CONFIG_X86_LOCAL_APIC=y
CONFIG_PCI=y
# CONFIG_PCI_GOBIOS is not set
# CONFIG_PCI_GODIRECT is not set
CONFIG_PCI_GOANY=y
CONFIG_PCI_BIOS=y
CONFIG_PCI_DIRECT=y
# CONFIG_ISA is not set
CONFIG_PCI_NAMES=y
# CONFIG_EISA is not set
# CONFIG_MCA is not set
# CONFIG_HOTPLUG is not set
# CONFIG_PCMCIA is not set
# CONFIG_HOTPLUG_PCI is not set
CONFIG_SYSVIPC=y
# CONFIG_BSD_PROCESS_ACCT is not set
CONFIG_SYSCTL=y
CONFIG_KCORE_ELF=y
# CONFIG_KCORE_AOUT is not set
# CONFIG_BINFMT_AOUT is not set
CONFIG_BINFMT_ELF=y
# CONFIG_BINFMT_MISC is not set
# CONFIG_PM is not set
# CONFIG_APM is not set

#
# Memory Technology Devices (MTD)
#
# CONFIG_MTD is not set

#
# Parallel port support
#
# CONFIG_PARPORT is not set

#
# Plug and Play configuration
#
CONFIG_PNP=y
# CONFIG_ISAPNP is not set

#
# Block devices
#
CONFIG_BLK_DEV_FD=m
# CONFIG_BLK_DEV_XD is not set
# CONFIG_PARIDE is not set
# CONFIG_BLK_CPQ_DA is not set
# CONFIG_BLK_CPQ_CISS_DA is not set
# CONFIG_CISS_SCSI_TAPE is not set
# CONFIG_BLK_DEV_DAC960 is not set
# CONFIG_BLK_DEV_UMEM is not set
# CONFIG_BLK_DEV_LOOP is not set
# CONFIG_BLK_DEV_NBD is not set
# CONFIG_BLK_DEV_RAM is not set
# CONFIG_BLK_DEV_INITRD is not set
# CONFIG_BLK_STATS is not set

#
# Multi-device support (RAID and LVM)
#
# CONFIG_MD is not set
# CONFIG_BLK_DEV_MD is not set
# CONFIG_MD_LINEAR is not set
# CONFIG_MD_RAID0 is not set
# CONFIG_MD_RAID1 is not set
# CONFIG_MD_RAID5 is not set
# CONFIG_MD_MULTIPATH is not set
# CONFIG_BLK_DEV_LVM is not set

#
# Networking options
#
CONFIG_PACKET=y
# CONFIG_PACKET_MMAP is not set
# CONFIG_NETLINK_DEV is not set
# CONFIG_NETFILTER is not set
# CONFIG_FILTER is not set
CONFIG_UNIX=y
CONFIG_INET=y
CONFIG_IP_MULTICAST=y
# CONFIG_IP_ADVANCED_ROUTER is not set
# CONFIG_IP_PNP is not set
# CONFIG_NET_IPIP is not set
# CONFIG_NET_IPGRE is not set
# CONFIG_IP_MROUTE is not set
# CONFIG_INET_ECN is not set
# CONFIG_SYN_COOKIES is not set
# CONFIG_VLAN_8021Q is not set
# CONFIG_IPX is not set
# CONFIG_ATALK is not set

#
# Appletalk devices
#
# CONFIG_DEV_APPLETALK is not set
# CONFIG_DECNET is not set
# CONFIG_BRIDGE is not set

#
# QoS and/or fair queueing
#
# CONFIG_NET_SCHED is not set

#
# Network testing
#
# CONFIG_NET_PKTGEN is not set

#
# Telephony Support
#
# CONFIG_PHONE is not set
# CONFIG_PHONE_IXJ is not set
# CONFIG_PHONE_IXJ_PCMCIA is not set

#
# ATA/IDE/MFM/RLL support
#
CONFIG_IDE=y

#
# IDE, ATA and ATAPI Block devices
#
CONFIG_BLK_DEV_IDE=y
# CONFIG_BLK_DEV_HD_IDE is not set
# CONFIG_BLK_DEV_HD is not set
CONFIG_BLK_DEV_IDEDISK=y
CONFIG_IDEDISK_MULTI_MODE=y
# CONFIG_IDEDISK_STROKE is not set
# CONFIG_BLK_DEV_IDEDISK_VENDOR is not set
# CONFIG_BLK_DEV_IDEDISK_FUJITSU is not set
# CONFIG_BLK_DEV_IDEDISK_IBM is not set
# CONFIG_BLK_DEV_IDEDISK_MAXTOR is not set
# CONFIG_BLK_DEV_IDEDISK_QUANTUM is not set
# CONFIG_BLK_DEV_IDEDISK_SEAGATE is not set
# CONFIG_BLK_DEV_IDEDISK_WD is not set
# CONFIG_BLK_DEV_COMMERIAL is not set
# CONFIG_BLK_DEV_TIVO is not set
# CONFIG_BLK_DEV_IDECS is not set
CONFIG_BLK_DEV_IDECD=y
# CONFIG_BLK_DEV_IDETAPE is not set
# CONFIG_BLK_DEV_IDEFLOPPY is not set
# CONFIG_BLK_DEV_IDESCSI is not set
# CONFIG_IDE_TASK_IOCTL is not set
CONFIG_BLK_DEV_CMD640=y
# CONFIG_BLK_DEV_CMD640_ENHANCED is not set
# CONFIG_BLK_DEV_ISAPNP is not set
CONFIG_BLK_DEV_RZ1000=y
CONFIG_BLK_DEV_IDEPCI=y
CONFIG_IDEPCI_SHARE_IRQ=y
CONFIG_BLK_DEV_IDEDMA_PCI=y
# CONFIG_BLK_DEV_OFFBOARD is not set
# CONFIG_BLK_DEV_IDEDMA_FORCED is not set
CONFIG_IDEDMA_PCI_AUTO=y
# CONFIG_IDEDMA_ONLYDISK is not set
CONFIG_BLK_DEV_IDEDMA=y
# CONFIG_IDEDMA_PCI_WIP is not set
# CONFIG_BLK_DEV_IDEDMA_TIMEOUT is not set
# CONFIG_IDEDMA_NEW_DRIVE_LISTINGS is not set
CONFIG_BLK_DEV_ADMA=y
# CONFIG_BLK_DEV_AEC62XX is not set
# CONFIG_AEC62XX_TUNING is not set
# CONFIG_BLK_DEV_ALI15X3 is not set
# CONFIG_WDC_ALI15X3 is not set
# CONFIG_BLK_DEV_AMD74XX is not set
# CONFIG_AMD74XX_OVERRIDE is not set
# CONFIG_BLK_DEV_CMD64X is not set
# CONFIG_BLK_DEV_CMD680 is not set
# CONFIG_BLK_DEV_CY82C693 is not set
# CONFIG_BLK_DEV_CS5530 is not set
# CONFIG_BLK_DEV_HPT34X is not set
# CONFIG_HPT34X_AUTODMA is not set
# CONFIG_BLK_DEV_HPT366 is not set
CONFIG_BLK_DEV_PIIX=y
CONFIG_PIIX_TUNING=y
# CONFIG_BLK_DEV_NS87415 is not set
# CONFIG_BLK_DEV_OPTI621 is not set
# CONFIG_BLK_DEV_PDC202XX is not set
# CONFIG_PDC202XX_BURST is not set
# CONFIG_PDC202XX_FORCE is not set
# CONFIG_BLK_DEV_SVWKS is not set
# CONFIG_BLK_DEV_SIS5513 is not set
# CONFIG_BLK_DEV_SLC90E66 is not set
# CONFIG_BLK_DEV_TRM290 is not set
# CONFIG_BLK_DEV_VIA82CXXX is not set
# CONFIG_IDE_CHIPSETS is not set
CONFIG_IDEDMA_AUTO=y
# CONFIG_IDEDMA_IVB is not set
# CONFIG_DMA_NONPCI is not set
CONFIG_BLK_DEV_IDE_MODES=y
# CONFIG_BLK_DEV_ATARAID is not set
# CONFIG_BLK_DEV_ATARAID_PDC is not set
# CONFIG_BLK_DEV_ATARAID_HPT is not set

#
# SCSI support
#
# CONFIG_SCSI is not set

#
# Fusion MPT device support
#
# CONFIG_FUSION is not set
# CONFIG_FUSION_BOOT is not set
# CONFIG_FUSION_ISENSE is not set
# CONFIG_FUSION_CTL is not set
# CONFIG_FUSION_LAN is not set

#
# I2O device support
#
# CONFIG_I2O is not set
# CONFIG_I2O_PCI is not set
# CONFIG_I2O_BLOCK is not set
# CONFIG_I2O_LAN is not set
# CONFIG_I2O_SCSI is not set
# CONFIG_I2O_PROC is not set

#
# Network device support
#
CONFIG_NETDEVICES=y

#
# ARCnet devices
#
# CONFIG_ARCNET is not set
CONFIG_DUMMY=m
# CONFIG_BONDING is not set
# CONFIG_EQUALIZER is not set
# CONFIG_TUN is not set

#
# Ethernet (10 or 100Mbit)
#
CONFIG_NET_ETHERNET=y
# CONFIG_SUNLANCE is not set
# CONFIG_HAPPYMEAL is not set
# CONFIG_SUNBMAC is not set
# CONFIG_SUNQE is not set
# CONFIG_SUNGEM is not set
# CONFIG_NET_VENDOR_3COM is not set
# CONFIG_LANCE is not set
# CONFIG_NET_VENDOR_SMC is not set
# CONFIG_NET_VENDOR_RACAL is not set
# CONFIG_HP100 is not set
# CONFIG_NET_ISA is not set
CONFIG_NET_PCI=y
# CONFIG_PCNET32 is not set
# CONFIG_ADAPTEC_STARFIRE is not set
# CONFIG_APRICOT is not set
# CONFIG_CS89x0 is not set
# CONFIG_TULIP is not set
# CONFIG_DE4X5 is not set
# CONFIG_DGRS is not set
# CONFIG_DM9102 is not set
CONFIG_EEPRO100=m
# CONFIG_E100 is not set
# CONFIG_LNE390 is not set
# CONFIG_FEALNX is not set
# CONFIG_NATSEMI is not set
# CONFIG_NE2K_PCI is not set
# CONFIG_NE3210 is not set
# CONFIG_ES3210 is not set
# CONFIG_8139CP is not set
# CONFIG_8139TOO is not set
# CONFIG_8139TOO_PIO is not set
# CONFIG_8139TOO_TUNE_TWISTER is not set
# CONFIG_8139TOO_8129 is not set
# CONFIG_8139_OLD_RX_RESET is not set
# CONFIG_SIS900 is not set
# CONFIG_EPIC100 is not set
# CONFIG_SUNDANCE is not set
# CONFIG_SUNDANCE_MMIO is not set
# CONFIG_TLAN is not set
# CONFIG_TC35815 is not set
# CONFIG_VIA_RHINE is not set
# CONFIG_VIA_RHINE_MMIO is not set
# CONFIG_WINBOND_840 is not set
# CONFIG_NET_POCKET is not set

#
# Ethernet (1000 Mbit)
#
# CONFIG_ACENIC is not set
# CONFIG_DL2K is not set
# CONFIG_E1000 is not set
# CONFIG_MYRI_SBUS is not set
# CONFIG_NS83820 is not set
# CONFIG_HAMACHI is not set
# CONFIG_YELLOWFIN is not set
# CONFIG_SK98LIN is not set
# CONFIG_TIGON3 is not set
# CONFIG_FDDI is not set
# CONFIG_PLIP is not set
# CONFIG_PPP is not set
# CONFIG_SLIP is not set

#
# Wireless LAN (non-hamradio)
#
# CONFIG_NET_RADIO is not set

#
# Token Ring devices
#
# CONFIG_TR is not set
# CONFIG_NET_FC is not set

#
# Wan interfaces
#
# CONFIG_WAN is not set

#
# Amateur Radio support
#
# CONFIG_HAMRADIO is not set

#
# IrDA (infrared) support
#
# CONFIG_IRDA is not set

#
# ISDN subsystem
#
# CONFIG_ISDN is not set

#
# Input core support
#
# CONFIG_INPUT is not set
# CONFIG_INPUT_KEYBDEV is not set
# CONFIG_INPUT_MOUSEDEV is not set
# CONFIG_INPUT_JOYDEV is not set
# CONFIG_INPUT_EVDEV is not set

#
# Character devices
#
CONFIG_VT=y
CONFIG_VT_CONSOLE=y
CONFIG_SERIAL=m
# CONFIG_SERIAL_EXTENDED is not set
# CONFIG_SERIAL_NONSTANDARD is not set
CONFIG_UNIX98_PTYS=y
CONFIG_UNIX98_PTY_COUNT=256

#
# I2C support
#
# CONFIG_I2C is not set

#
# Mice
#
# CONFIG_BUSMOUSE is not set
CONFIG_MOUSE=y
CONFIG_PSMOUSE=y
# CONFIG_82C710_MOUSE is not set
# CONFIG_PC110_PAD is not set
# CONFIG_MK712_MOUSE is not set

#
# Joysticks
#
# CONFIG_INPUT_GAMEPORT is not set
# CONFIG_QIC02_TAPE is not set

#
# Watchdog Cards
#
# CONFIG_WATCHDOG is not set
# CONFIG_AMD_RNG is not set
# CONFIG_INTEL_RNG is not set
# CONFIG_AMD_PM768 is not set
# CONFIG_NVRAM is not set
# CONFIG_RTC is not set
# CONFIG_DTLK is not set
# CONFIG_R3964 is not set
# CONFIG_APPLICOM is not set

#
# Ftape, the floppy tape device driver
#
# CONFIG_FTAPE is not set
CONFIG_AGP=y
CONFIG_AGP_INTEL=y
# CONFIG_AGP_I810 is not set
# CONFIG_AGP_VIA is not set
# CONFIG_AGP_AMD is not set
# CONFIG_AGP_AMD_8151 is not set
# CONFIG_AGP_SIS is not set
# CONFIG_AGP_ALI is not set
# CONFIG_AGP_SWORKS is not set
CONFIG_DRM=y
# CONFIG_DRM_OLD is not set
CONFIG_DRM_NEW=y
# CONFIG_DRM_TDFX is not set
# CONFIG_DRM_R128 is not set
# CONFIG_DRM_RADEON is not set
CONFIG_DRM_I810=m
# CONFIG_DRM_I810_XFREE_41 is not set
CONFIG_DRM_I830=m
# CONFIG_DRM_MGA is not set
# CONFIG_DRM_SIS is not set
# CONFIG_MWAVE is not set

#
# Multimedia devices
#
# CONFIG_VIDEO_DEV is not set

#
# File systems
#
# CONFIG_QUOTA is not set
# CONFIG_AUTOFS_FS is not set
CONFIG_AUTOFS4_FS=y
# CONFIG_REISERFS_FS is not set
# CONFIG_REISERFS_CHECK is not set
# CONFIG_REISERFS_PROC_INFO is not set
# CONFIG_ADFS_FS is not set
# CONFIG_ADFS_FS_RW is not set
# CONFIG_AFFS_FS is not set
# CONFIG_HFS_FS is not set
# CONFIG_BEFS_FS is not set
# CONFIG_BEFS_DEBUG is not set
# CONFIG_BFS_FS is not set
# CONFIG_EXT3_FS is not set
# CONFIG_JBD is not set
# CONFIG_JBD_DEBUG is not set
# CONFIG_FAT_FS is not set
# CONFIG_MSDOS_FS is not set
# CONFIG_UMSDOS_FS is not set
# CONFIG_VFAT_FS is not set
# CONFIG_EFS_FS is not set
# CONFIG_JFFS_FS is not set
# CONFIG_JFFS2_FS is not set
# CONFIG_CRAMFS is not set
# CONFIG_TMPFS is not set
CONFIG_RAMFS=y
CONFIG_ISO9660_FS=m
# CONFIG_JOLIET is not set
# CONFIG_ZISOFS is not set
# CONFIG_JFS_FS is not set
# CONFIG_JFS_DEBUG is not set
# CONFIG_JFS_STATISTICS is not set
# CONFIG_MINIX_FS is not set
# CONFIG_VXFS_FS is not set
# CONFIG_NTFS_FS is not set
# CONFIG_NTFS_RW is not set
# CONFIG_HPFS_FS is not set
CONFIG_PROC_FS=y
# CONFIG_DEVFS_FS is not set
# CONFIG_DEVFS_MOUNT is not set
# CONFIG_DEVFS_DEBUG is not set
CONFIG_DEVPTS_FS=y
# CONFIG_QNX4FS_FS is not set
# CONFIG_QNX4FS_RW is not set
# CONFIG_ROMFS_FS is not set
CONFIG_EXT2_FS=y
# CONFIG_SYSV_FS is not set
# CONFIG_UDF_FS is not set
# CONFIG_UDF_RW is not set
# CONFIG_UFS_FS is not set
# CONFIG_UFS_FS_WRITE is not set

#
# Network File Systems
#
# CONFIG_CODA_FS is not set
# CONFIG_INTERMEZZO_FS is not set
# CONFIG_NFS_FS is not set
# CONFIG_NFS_V3 is not set
# CONFIG_ROOT_NFS is not set
# CONFIG_NFSD is not set
# CONFIG_NFSD_V3 is not set
# CONFIG_NFSD_TCP is not set
# CONFIG_SUNRPC is not set
# CONFIG_LOCKD is not set
# CONFIG_SMB_FS is not set
# CONFIG_NCP_FS is not set
# CONFIG_NCPFS_PACKET_SIGNING is not set
# CONFIG_NCPFS_IOCTL_LOCKING is not set
# CONFIG_NCPFS_STRONG is not set
# CONFIG_NCPFS_NFS_NS is not set
# CONFIG_NCPFS_OS2_NS is not set
# CONFIG_NCPFS_SMALLDOS is not set
# CONFIG_NCPFS_NLS is not set
# CONFIG_NCPFS_EXTRAS is not set
# CONFIG_ZISOFS_FS is not set

#
# Partition Types
#
# CONFIG_PARTITION_ADVANCED is not set
CONFIG_MSDOS_PARTITION=y
# CONFIG_SMB_NLS is not set
# CONFIG_NLS is not set

#
# Console drivers
#
# CONFIG_VGA_CONSOLE is not set
# CONFIG_VIDEO_SELECT is not set

#
# Sound
#
# CONFIG_SOUND is not set

#
# USB support
#
CONFIG_USB=y
# CONFIG_USB_DEBUG is not set
# CONFIG_USB_DEVICEFS is not set
# CONFIG_USB_BANDWIDTH is not set
# CONFIG_USB_LONG_TIMEOUT is not set
# CONFIG_USB_EHCI_HCD is not set
CONFIG_USB_UHCI_ALT=y
# CONFIG_USB_OHCI is not set
# CONFIG_USB_AUDIO is not set
# CONFIG_USB_EMI26 is not set
# CONFIG_USB_BLUETOOTH is not set
# CONFIG_USB_MIDI is not set
# CONFIG_USB_STORAGE is not set
# CONFIG_USB_STORAGE_DEBUG is not set
# CONFIG_USB_STORAGE_DATAFAB is not set
# CONFIG_USB_STORAGE_FREECOM is not set
# CONFIG_USB_STORAGE_ISD200 is not set
# CONFIG_USB_STORAGE_DPCM is not set
# CONFIG_USB_STORAGE_HP8200e is not set
# CONFIG_USB_STORAGE_SDDR09 is not set
# CONFIG_USB_STORAGE_SDDR55 is not set
# CONFIG_USB_STORAGE_JUMPSHOT is not set
# CONFIG_USB_ACM is not set
# CONFIG_USB_PRINTER is not set
# CONFIG_USB_HID is not set
# CONFIG_USB_HIDINPUT is not set
# CONFIG_USB_HIDDEV is not set
# CONFIG_USB_KBD is not set
# CONFIG_USB_MOUSE is not set
# CONFIG_USB_AIPTEK is not set
# CONFIG_USB_WACOM is not set
# CONFIG_USB_DC2XX is not set
# CONFIG_USB_MDC800 is not set
# CONFIG_USB_SCANNER is not set
# CONFIG_USB_MICROTEK is not set
# CONFIG_USB_HPUSBSCSI is not set
# CONFIG_USB_PEGASUS is not set
# CONFIG_USB_RTL8150 is not set
# CONFIG_USB_KAWETH is not set
# CONFIG_USB_CATC is not set
# CONFIG_USB_CDCETHER is not set
# CONFIG_USB_USBNET is not set
# CONFIG_USB_USS720 is not set

#
# USB Serial Converter support
#
# CONFIG_USB_SERIAL is not set
# CONFIG_USB_RIO500 is not set
# CONFIG_USB_AUERSWALD is not set
# CONFIG_USB_TIGL is not set
# CONFIG_USB_BRLVGER is not set
# CONFIG_USB_LCD is not set

#
# Bluetooth support
#
# CONFIG_BLUEZ is not set

#
# Kernel hacking
#
# CONFIG_DEBUG_KERNEL is not set

#
# Library routines
#
# CONFIG_ZLIB_INFLATE is not set
# CONFIG_ZLIB_DEFLATE is not set
[/code:1]

Dragonfly

a good start point. but for a monolithic kernel for special purpose, we need not have kmod support. that multicast is useless. usb can be removed..
i will try one tomorrow.

QQme

这正是我需要的。
还有我在水木清华看到一篇文章：)

1）如果我用的是PC做测试内核最小是多少？我才到400多k 就不能引导了。他怎么能裁减到一两百K.



Linux自身具备一整套工具链，容易自行建立嵌入式系统的开发环境和交叉运行环境，并且可以跨越嵌入式系统开发中的仿真工具（ICE）的障碍。内核的完全开放使人们可以自己设计和开发出真正的硬实时系统，软实时系统在Linux中也容易得到实现。强大的网络支持使得可以利用Linux的网络协议栈将其开发成为嵌入式的TCP/IP网络协议栈。

　　Linux提供了完成嵌入功能的基本内核和所需要的所有用户界面，它是多面的。它能处理嵌入式任务和用户界面。

　　一个小型的嵌入式Linux系统只需要下面三个基本元素：

　　* 引导工具

　　* Linux微内核，由内存管理、进程管理和事务处理构成

　　* 初始化进程

　　如果要让它能干点什么且继续保持小型化，还得加上：

　　* 硬件驱动程序

　　* 提供所需功能的一个或更多应用程序。

　　再增加功能，或许需要这些：

　　* 一个文件系统（也许在ROM或RAM）中

　　* TCP/IP网络堆栈

　　下面我们就从精简内核、系统启动、驱动程序将、X-Window换成MicroWindows四个步骤介绍嵌入式Linux的实际开发。

　　精简内核
　　构造内核的常用命令包括：make config、dep、clean、mrproper、zImage、bzImage、modules、modules_install。命令说明略。

　　现在举个例子说明一下：

　　我使用的是 Mandrake内附的 2.2.15。我没有修改任何一行程序码，完全只靠修改组态档得到这些数据。

　　首先，使用 make config 把所有可以拿掉的选项都拿得。

　　不要 floppy；不要SMP、MTRR；不要 Networking、SCSI；把所有的 block device 移除，只留下 old IDE device；把所有的 character device 移除；把所有的 filesystem 移除，只留下 minix；不要 sound 支援。相信我，我己经把所有的选项都移除了。这样做之后，我得到了一个 188K 的核心。

　　还不够小吗? OK，再加上一招，请把下列两个档案中的 -O3,-O2 用 -Os 取代。

　　./Makefile

　　./arch/i386/kernel/

　　Makefile

　　这样一来，整个核心变小了 9K，成为 179K。

　　不过这个核心恐怕很难发挥 Linux 的功能，因此我决定把网络加回去。把General中的 network support 加回去，重新编译，核心变成 189 K。10K就加上个 TCP/IP stack，似乎是很上算的生意。

　　有stack没有driver也是枉然，所以我把 embedded board常用的RTL8139的driver加回去，195K。

　　如果你需要 DOS 档案系统，那大小成为 213K。如果 minix 用 ext2 换代，则大小成长至 222K。

　　Linux所需的内存大约在600K～800K之间。1MB内存就可能可以开机了，但不太有用，因为连载入C程序库都有困难。2MB内存应该就可以做点事了，但要到 4MB以上才可以执行一个比较完整的系统。

　　因为Linux 的filesystem 相当大，大约在 230K 左右，占了 1/3 的体积。内存管理占了80K，和核心其它部分的总和差不多。TCP/IP stack 占了65K，驱动程序占了120K。SysV IPC占了 21K，必要的话可以拿掉，核心档应该可以再小个10K左右。

　　如果要裁剪核心大小，应该动那里呢? 答案很明显，当然是文件系统。Linux 的 VFS简化了档案系统的设计，buffer cache, directory cache增加了系统的效率。但这些embedded系统根本就用处不大。如果可以把它们拿掉，核心可以马上缩小 20K 左右。如果跳过整个 VFS，直接将文件系统写成一个 driver 的型式，应该可以将 230K缩减至50K左右。整个核心缩到100K左右。

　　系统启动
　　系统的启动顺序及相关文件仍在核心源码目录下，看以下几个文件：

　　./arch/$ARCH/boot/

　　bootsect.s

　　./arch/$ARCH/boot/setup.s

　　./init/main.c

　　bootsect.S 及 setup.S

　　这个程序是Linux kernel的第一个程序，包括了Linux自己的bootstrap程序，但是在说明这个程序前，必须先说明一般IBM PC开机时的动作(此处的开机是指“打开PC的电源”)。

　　一般PC在电源一开时，是由内存中地址FFFF:0000开始执行(这个地址一定在ROM BIOS中，ROM BIOS一般是在FEOOOh到FFFFFh中)，而此处的内容则是一个jump指令，jump到另一个位于ROM BIOS中的位置，开始执行一系列的动作。

　　紧接着系统测试码之后，控制权会转移给ROM中的启动程序(ROM bootstrap routine)。这个程序会将磁盘上的第零轨第零扇区读入内存中，至于读到内存的哪里呢? --绝对位置07C0:0000(即07C00h处)，这是IBM系列PC的特性。而位于Linux开机磁盘的boot sector上的，正是Linux的bootsect程序。

　　把大家所熟知的MS DOS 与Linux的开机部分做个粗浅的比较。MS DOS 由位于磁盘上boot sector的boot程序负责把IO.SYS载入内存中，而IO.SYS则负有把DOS的kernel --MSDOS.SYS载入内存的重任。而Linux则是由位于boot sector 的bootsect程序负责把setup及Linux的kernel载入内存中，再将控制权交给setup。

　　驱动程序
　　在Linux系统里，设备驱动程序所提供的这组入口点由一个结构来向系统进行说明。

　　设备驱动程序所提供的入口点，在设备驱动程序初始化的时候向系统进行登记，以便系统在适当的时候调用。Linux系统里，通过调用register_chrdev 向系统注册字符型设备驱动程序。

　　在Linux里，除了直接修改系统核心的源代码，把设备驱动程序加进核心里以外，还可以把设备驱动程序作为可加载的模块，由系统管理员动态地加载它，使之成为核心的一部分。也可以由系统管理员把已加载的模块动态地卸载下来。Linux中，模块可以用C语言编写，用gcc编译成目标文件（不进行链接，作为*.o文件存在）。为此需要在gcc命令行里加上-c的参数。在成功地向系统注册了设备驱动程序后（调用register_chrdev成功后），就可以用mknod命令来把设备映射为一个特别文件。其它程序使用这个设备的时候，只要对此特别文件进行操作就行了。

　　将X-Window换成MicroWindows

　　MicroWindows是使用分层结构的设计方法。允许改变不同的层来适应实际的应用。在最底一层，提供了屏幕、鼠标/触摸屏和键盘的驱动，使程序能访问实际的硬件设备和其它用户定制设备。在中间一层，有一个轻巧的图形引擎，提供了绘制线条、区域填充、绘制多边形、裁剪和使用颜色模式的方法。在最上一层，提供了不同的API给图形应用程序使用。这些API可以提供或不提供桌面和窗口外形。目前，MicroWindows支持Windows Win32/WinCE GDI和Nano-X API。这些API提供了Win32和X窗口系统的紧密兼容性，使得别的应用程序可以很容易就能移植到MicroWindows上。

　　何谓嵌入式系统
　　嵌入式系统被定义为：以应用为中心、以计算机技术为基础、软件硬件可裁剪、适应应用系统对功能、可靠性、成本、体积、功耗严格要求的专用计算机系统。

　　嵌入式系统是面向用户、面向产品、面向应用的，如果独立于应用自行发展，则会失去市场。嵌入式处理器的功耗、体积、成本、可靠性、速度、处理能力、电磁兼容性等方面均受到应用要求的制约，这些也是各个半导体厂商之间竞争的热点。嵌入式处理器的应用软件是实现嵌入式系统功能的关键。软件要求固化存储，软件代码要求高质量、高可靠性，系统软件(OS)的高实时性是基本要求。

　　在制造工业、过程控制、通讯、仪器、仪表、汽车、船舶、航空、航天、军事装备、消费类产品等方面均是嵌入式计算机的应用领域。

Dragonfly

i get a ~450k bootable kernel. similar with keenor but disable more.

he use 2.2.15. u can try that kernel version, it is very small. but for 2.4.20, if without changing the kernel source code, 400k should be the minimal size for 2.4.20 running on a pc. but for embedded system, u can go further. u can remove some /proc code, the vfs code as he said, remove the ipc and unix domain socket,...

Dragonfly

i remove the unix domain socket just now, save another 7k.
unix domain socket is needed by syslog, metalog, x win... so disable the log service can let u bootup. for an embedded device, this is not a problem.