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发表于 2003-8-26 15:00:28
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我的显卡是winfast TNT2-16M,支持vesa,也应该支持fb吧.
我找到了文件framebuffer.txt文件,但还是不知道怎么加参数:
[code:1]
The Frame Buffer Device
-----------------------
Maintained by Geert Uytterhoeven <[email protected]>
Last revised: May 10, 2001
0. Introduction
---------------
The frame buffer device provides an abstraction for the graphics hardware. It
represents the frame buffer of some video hardware and allows application
software to access the graphics hardware through a well-defined interface, so
the software doesn't need to know anything about the low-level (hardware
register) stuff.
The device is accessed through special device nodes, usually located in the
/dev directory, i.e. /dev/fb*.
1. User's View of /dev/fb*
--------------------------
From the user's point of view, the frame buffer device looks just like any
other device in /dev. It's a character device using major 29; the minor
specifies the frame buffer number.
By convention, the following device nodes are used (numbers indicate the device
minor numbers):
0 = /dev/fb0 First frame buffer
1 = /dev/fb1 Second frame buffer
...
31 = /dev/fb31 32nd frame buffer
For backwards compatibility, you may want to create the following symbolic
links:
/dev/fb0current -> fb0
/dev/fb1current -> fb1
and so on...
The frame buffer devices are also `normal' memory devices, this means, you can
read and write their contents. You can, for example, make a screen snapshot by
cp /dev/fb0 myfile
There also can be more than one frame buffer at a time, e.g. if you have a
graphics card in addition to the built-in hardware. The corresponding frame
buffer devices (/dev/fb0 and /dev/fb1 etc.) work independently.
Application software that uses the frame buffer device (e.g. the X server) will
use /dev/fb0 by default (older software uses /dev/fb0current). You can specify
an alternative frame buffer device by setting the environment variable
$FRAMEBUFFER to the path name of a frame buffer device, e.g. (for sh/bash
users):
export FRAMEBUFFER=/dev/fb1
or (for csh users):
setenv FRAMEBUFFER /dev/fb1
After this the X server will use the second frame buffer.
2. Programmer's View of /dev/fb*
--------------------------------
As you already know, a frame buffer device is a memory device like /dev/mem and
it has the same features. You can read it, write it, seek to some location in
it and mmap() it (the main usage). The difference is just that the memory that
appears in the special file is not the whole memory, but the frame buffer of
some video hardware.
/dev/fb* also allows several ioctls on it, by which lots of information about
the hardware can be queried and set. The color map handling works via ioctls,
too. Look into <linux/fb.h> for more information on what ioctls exist and on
which data structures they work. Here's just a brief overview:
- You can request unchangeable information about the hardware, like name,
organization of the screen memory (planes, packed pixels, ...) and address
and length of the screen memory.
- You can request and change variable information about the hardware, like
visible and virtual geometry, depth, color map format, timing, and so on.
If you try to change that information, the driver maybe will round up some
values to meet the hardware's capabilities (or return EINVAL if that isn't
possible).
- You can get and set parts of the color map. Communication is done with 16
bits per color part (red, green, blue, transparency) to support all
existing hardware. The driver does all the computations needed to apply
it to the hardware (round it down to less bits, maybe throw away
transparency).
All this hardware abstraction makes the implementation of application programs
easier and more portable. E.g. the X server works completely on /dev/fb* and
thus doesn't need to know, for example, how the color registers of the concrete
hardware are organized. XF68_FBDev is a general X server for bitmapped,
unaccelerated video hardware. The only thing that has to be built into
application programs is the screen organization (bitplanes or chunky pixels
etc.), because it works on the frame buffer image data directly.
For the future it is planned that frame buffer drivers for graphics cards and
the like can be implemented as kernel modules that are loaded at runtime. Such
a driver just has to call register_framebuffer() and supply some functions.
Writing and distributing such drivers independently from the kernel will save
much trouble...
3. Frame Buffer Resolution Maintenance
--------------------------------------
Frame buffer resolutions are maintained using the utility `fbset'. It can
change the video mode properties of a frame buffer device. Its main usage is
to change the current video mode, e.g. during boot up in one of your /etc/rc.*
or /etc/init.d/* files.
Fbset uses a video mode database stored in a configuration file, so you can
easily add your own modes and refer to them with a simple identifier.
4. The X Server
---------------
The X server (XF68_FBDev) is the most notable application program for the frame
buffer device. Starting with XFree86 release 3.2, the X server is part of
XFree86 and has 2 modes:
- If the `Display' subsection for the `fbdev' driver in the /etc/XF86Config
file contains a
Modes "default"
line, the X server will use the scheme discussed above, i.e. it will start
up in the resolution determined by /dev/fb0 (or $FRAMEBUFFER, if set). You
still have to specify the color depth (using the Depth keyword) and virtual
resolution (using the Virtual keyword) though. This is the default for the
configuration file supplied with XFree86. It's the most simple
configuration, but it has some limitations.
- Therefore it's also possible to specify resolutions in the /etc/XF86Config
file. This allows for on-the-fly resolution switching while retaining the
same virtual desktop size. The frame buffer device that's used is still
/dev/fb0current (or $FRAMEBUFFER), but the available resolutions are
defined by /etc/XF86Config now. The disadvantage is that you have to
specify the timings in a different format (but `fbset -x' may help).
To tune a video mode, you can use fbset or xvidtune. Note that xvidtune doesn't
work 100% with XF68_FBDev: the reported clock values are always incorrect.
5. Video Mode Timings
---------------------
A monitor draws an image on the screen by using an electron beam (3 electron
beams for color models, 1 electron beam for monochrome monitors). The front of
the screen is covered by a pattern of colored phosphors (pixels). If a phosphor
is hit by an electron, it emits a photon and thus becomes visible.
The electron beam draws horizontal lines (scanlines) from left to right, and
from the top to the bottom of the screen. By modifying the intensity of the
electron beam, pixels with various colors and intensities can be shown.
After each scanline the electron beam has to move back to the left side of the
screen and to the next line: this is called the horizontal retrace. After the
whole screen (frame) was painted, the beam moves back to the upper left corner:
this is called the vertical retrace. During both the horizontal and vertical
retrace, the electron beam is turned off (blanked).
The speed at which the electron beam paints the pixels is determined by the
dotclock in the graphics board. For a dotclock of e.g. 28.37516 MHz (millions
of cycles per second), each pixel is 35242 ps (picoseconds) long:
1/(28.37516E6 Hz) = 35.242E-9 s
If the screen resolution is 640x480, it will take
640*35.242E-9 s = 22.555E-6 s
to paint the 640 (xres) pixels on one scanline. But the horizontal retrace
also takes time (e.g. 272 `pixels'), so a full scanline takes
(640+272)*35.242E-9 s = 32.141E-6 s
We'll say that the horizontal scanrate is about 31 kHz:
1/(32.141E-6 s) = 31.113E3 Hz
A full screen counts 480 (yres) lines, but we have to consider the vertical
retrace too (e.g. 49 `pixels'). So a full screen will take
(480+49)*32.141E-6 s = 17.002E-3 s
The vertical scanrate is about 59 Hz:
1/(17.002E-3 s) = 58.815 Hz
This means the screen data is refreshed about 59 times per second. To have a
stable picture without visible flicker, VESA recommends a vertical scanrate of
at least 72 Hz. But the perceived flicker is very human dependent: some people
can use 50 Hz without any trouble, while I'll notice if it's less than 80 Hz.
Since the monitor doesn't know when a new scanline starts, the graphics board
will supply a synchronization pulse (horizontal sync or hsync) for each
scanline. Similarly it supplies a synchronization pulse (vertical sync or
vsync) for each new frame. The position of the image on the screen is
influenced by the moments at which the synchronization pulses occur.
The following picture summarizes all timings. The horizontal retrace time is
the sum of the left margin, the right margin and the hsync length, while the
vertical retrace time is the sum of the upper margin, the lower margin and the
vsync length.
+----------+---------------------------------------------+----------+-------+
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楼主: llc
IP卡
狗仔卡
显身卡
发表于 2003-8-26 20:50:13
包括你的。但是你的系统要有vesa的帧缓冲模块才行，或者已经编译进了内核。现在大部分发行版都已经支持了