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发表于 2004-10-8 17:02:12
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3.7. Installing Debian GNU/Linux from a Unix/Linux System
---------------------------------------------------------
This section explains how to install Debian GNU/Linux from an existing
Unix or Linux system, without using the ncurses-based, menu-driven
installer as explained in the rest of the manual. This
"cross-install" HOWTO has been requested by users switching to Debian
GNU/Linux from Redhat, Mandrake, and SUSE. In this section some
familiarity with entering *nix commands and navigating the file system
is assumed. In this section, `$' symbolizes a command to be entered
in the user's current system, while `#' refers to a command entered in
the Debian chroot.
Once you've got the new Debian system configured to your preference,
you can migrate your existing user data (if any) to it, and keep on
rolling. This is therefore a "zero downtime" Debian GNU/Linux
install. It's also a clever way for dealing with hardware that
otherwise doesn't play friendly with various boot or installation
media.
3.7.1. Getting Started
----------------------
With your current *nix partitioning tools, repartition the hard drive
as needed, creating at least one filesystem plus swap. You need at
least 150MB of space available for a console only install, or at least
300MB if you plan to install X.
To create file systems on your partitions. For example, to create an
ext3 file system on partition `/dev/hda6' (that's our example root
partition):
$ mke2fs -j /dev/hda6
To create an ext2 file system instead, omit `-j'.
Initialize and activate swap (substitute the partition number for your
intended Debian swap partition):
$ mkswap /dev/hda5
$ sync; sync; sync
$ swapon /dev/hda5
Mount one partition as `/mnt/debinst' (the installation point, to be
the root (`/') filesystem on your new system). The mount point name
is strictly arbitrary, it is referenced later below.
$ mkdir /mnt/debinst
$ mount /dev/hda6 /mnt/debinst
3.7.2. Install `debootstrap'
----------------------------
The tool that the Debian installer uses, which is recognized as the
official way to install a Debian base system, is `debootstrap'. It
uses `wget', but otherwise depends only on `glibc'. Install `wget' if
it isn't already on your current system, then download and install
`debootstrap'.
If you have an rpm-based system, you can use alien to convert the .deb
into .rpm, or download an rpm-ized version at
http://people.debian.org/~blade/install/debootstrap
Or, you can use the following procedure to install it manually. Make
a work folder for extracting the .deb into:
$ mkdir work
$ cd work
The `debootstrap' binary is located in the Debian archive (be sure to
select the proper file for your architecture). Download the
`debootstrap' .deb from the pool
(http://ftp.debian.org/debian/pool/main/d/debootstrap/), copy the
package to the work folder, and extract the binary files from it. You
will need to have root privileges to install the binaries.
$ ar -xf debootstrap_0.X.X_arch.deb
$ cd /
$ zcat < /full-path-to-work/work/data.tar.gz | tar xv
The current version of `debootstrap', at least for i386, has been
compiled with glibc 2.3. Therefore if you are upgrading from Redhat
6.0, you will need to obtain the source files and re-compile.
3.7.3. Run `debootstrap' (Network-connected)
--------------------------------------------
`debootstrap' can download the needed files directly from the archive
when you run it. You can substitute any Debian archive mirror for
`http.us.debian.org/debian' in the command example below, preferably a
mirror close to you network-wise. Mirrors are listed at
http://www.debian.org/misc/README.mirrors.
When running `debootstrap', the PATH needs to include `/usr/sbin' and
`/sbin' for subsidiary program calls.
If you have a woody version Debian GNU/Linux CD mounted at /cdrom, you
could substitute a file URL instead of the http URL:
`file:/cdrom/debian/'
Substitute one of the following for `ARCH' in the `debootstrap'
command: `alpha', `arm', `hppa', `i386', `ia64', `m68k', `mips',
`mipsel', `powerpc', `s390', or `sparc'.
$ /usr/sbin/debootstrap --arch ARCH woody \
/mnt/debinst http://http.us.debian.org/debian
3.7.4. Run `debootstrap' (Using `basedebs.tar')
-----------------------------------------------
`debootstrap' can use the `basedebs.tar' file, if you have already
downloaded it ahead of time. The `basedebs.tar' file is generated
only every once in a while, so you'll get the latest version of the
base system by pointing `debootstrap' directly to a Debian archive as
shown in the previous section.
The `basedebs.tar' file is found in the `base-images-current'
directory of the Debian archive for your architecture, for example:
http://http.us.debian.org/debian/dists/woody/main/disks-i386/base-images-current/basedebs.tar
Substitute one of the following for `ARCH' in the `debootstrap'
command: `alpha', `arm', `hppa', `i386', `ia64', `m68k', `mips',
`mipsel', `powerpc', `s390', or `sparc'.
$ /usr/sbin/debootstrap --arch ARCH --unpack-tarball \
/path-to-downloaded/basedebs.tar woody /mnt/debinst
3.7.5. Configure The Base System
--------------------------------
Now you've got a real Debian system, though rather lean, on disk.
`Chroot' into it:
$ chroot /mnt/debinst /bin/bash
3.7.5.1. Mount Partitions
-------------------------
You need to create `/etc/fstab'.
# editor /etc/fstab
Here is a sample you can modify to suit:
# /etc/fstab: static file system information.
#
# file system mount point type options dump pass
/dev/XXX / ext2 defaults 0 0
/dev/XXX /boot ext2 ro,nosuid,nodev 0 2
/dev/XXX none swap sw 0 0
proc /proc proc defaults 0 0
/dev/fd0 /mnt/floppy auto noauto,rw,sync,user,exec 0 0
/dev/cdrom /mnt/cdrom iso9660 noauto,ro,user,exec 0 0
/dev/XXX /tmp ext2 rw,nosuid,nodev 0 2
/dev/XXX /var ext2 rw,nosuid,nodev 0 2
/dev/XXX /usr ext2 rw,nodev 0 2
/dev/XXX /home ext2 rw,nosuid,nodev 0 2
Use `mount -a' to mount all the file systems you have specified in
your `/etc/fstab', or to mount file systems individually use:
# mount /path # e.g.: mount /usr
You can mount the proc file system multiple times and to arbitrary
locations, though /proc is customary. If you didn't use `mount -a',
be sure to mount proc before continuing:
# mount -t proc proc /proc
A RedHat user reports that for his system, this should instead be
# mount -t proc none /proc
3.7.5.2. Configure Keyboard
---------------------------
To configure your keyboard:
# dpkg-reconfigure console-data
3.7.5.3. Configure Networking
-----------------------------
To configure networking, edit `/etc/network/interfaces',
`/etc/resolv.conf', and `etc/hostname'.
# editor /etc/network/interfaces
Here are some simple examples from `/usr/share/doc/ifupdown/examples':
######################################################################
# /etc/network/interfaces -- configuration file for ifup( , ifdown(
# See the interfaces(5) manpage for information on what options are
# available.
######################################################################
# We always want the loopback interface.
#
auto lo
iface lo inet loopback
# To use dhcp:
#
# auto eth0
# iface eth0 inet dhcp
# An example static IP setup: (broadcast and gateway are optional)
#
# auto eth0
# iface eth0 inet static
# address 192.168.0.42
# network 192.168.0.0
# netmask 255.255.255.0
# broadcast 192.168.0.255
# gateway 192.168.0.1
Enter your nameserver(s) and search directives in `/etc/resolv.conf':
# editor /etc/resolv.conf
A simple `/etc/resolv.conf':
# search hqdom.local\000
# nameserver 10.1.1.36
# nameserver 192.168.9.100
Enter your system's host name (2 to 63 characters):
# echo DebianHostName > /etc/hostname
If you have multiple network cards, you should arrange the names of
driver modules in the `/etc/modules' file into the desired order.
Then during boot, each card will be associated with the interface name
(eth0, eth1, etc.) that you expect.
3.7.5.4. Configure Timezone, Users, and APT
-------------------------------------------
Set your timezone, add a normal user, and choose your `apt' sources by
running
# /usr/sbin/base-config
3.7.5.5. Configure Locales
--------------------------
To configure your locale settings to use a language other than
English, install the locales support package and configure it:
# apt-get install locales
# dpkg-reconfigure locales
NOTE: Apt must be configured before, ie. during the base-config
phase. Before using locales with character sets other than ASCII or
latin1, please consult the appropriate localisation HOWTO.
3.7.6. Install a Kernel
-----------------------
If you intend to boot this system, you probably want a Linux kernel
and a boot loader. Identify available pre-packaged kernels with
# apt-cache search kernel-image
Then install your choice using its package name.
# apt-get install kernel-image-2.X.X-arch-etc
3.7.7. Set up the Boot Loader
-----------------------------
To make your Debian GNU/Linux system bootable, set up your boot loader
to load the installed kernel with your new root partition.
Check `man lilo.conf' for instructions on setting up the bootloader.
If you are keeping the system you used to install Debian, just add an
entry for the Debian install to your existing lilo.conf. You could
also copy it to the new system and edit it there. After you are done
editing, call lilo (remember it will use lilo.conf relative to the
system you call it from).
Here is a basic /etc/lilo.conf as an example:
boot=/dev/hda6
root=/dev/hda6
install=/boot/boot-menu.b
delay=20
lba32
image=/vmlinuz
label=Debian
这是官方的资料,good luck |
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